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American law has more than 200 years of independent development, and therefore significantly different from English law (Burke, 2012). Although, it originated from English one, and belongs to the same legal system. At the same time, other national legal systems influenced American law. The key question, in understanding the essence of the functioning of the US legislative system, is the evolutionary transformation of US law sources, and their interdependence (Burke, 2012).  Such sources are a judicial precedent, legislation, normative legal acts of bodies of serviceable authority, and the right of fidelity (Larry et al., 2017). The US Constitution- is the presentation of a public contract that unites people, and the legitimization of power (Larry et al., 2017). It is the Basic Law that establishes the very foundations of society. One cannot consider it at the same level as other laws that oriented toward adding or clarifying the law of judicial practice and formulate certain personal norms. The US Constitution, which dominates the common law corps, is a Romance-type law that does not oppress the specific target of dispute settlement but establishes norms of a general nature about the organization and conduct of the administration ( Larry et al., 2015). The US Constitution contains a number of provisions either directly criminal law or related to criminal law. Among them is a ban on the issuance of laws that have a retroactive effect on the use of cruel and unusual punishments, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property without legal proceedings, and others (Larry et al., 2017). 

Unfortunately, a modern society filled with criminal elements, and so far the police have not succeeded in eradicating them. In this paper, one will talk about the increase in crime in the city of Riverbend. Also in current work, one will consider methods of revealing of criminality, and struggle against it. 

As it became known from the criminal report, cases of domestic violence in the city of Riverbend are increasing. More and more calls are coming from the victims to the police stations. The hospitals are almost full of victims with serious bodily injuries and deaths have also increased. The police officers concerned about the fact that the city's residents are facing a danger not only on the streets but also at home. During an emergency meeting, police officers raise the problem of domestic violence and are looking for ways to solve it. The police also concerned about the residents, because the problem has become so serious that one cannot wait a minute longer. During the emergency meeting, the police put forward ideas on how to solve this problem. Officer Joanna Penny expressed the most interesting and sensible idea. Her idea was to ask for help from Professor Petrova, who had already had such an experience before. From despair, police officers decided to follow the theory of Professor Petrova (McGuire, 2004). Her idea was to tighten the punishment for criminals. Namely, to arrest a criminal if one calls to the police station, and in case one will find some clues at the scene of the crime. Such measures of punishment were very effective and after some time, the police succeeded in this issue.

 

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Like any theory, this one also had its pros and cons. The advantages are, of course, that the incidence of domestic violence has decreased, but the drawbacks are that people have become more cautious in calling the police. Due to the fact, that severe measures were taken, people carefully thought about whether they should contact the police or not. Three years later, a second meeting was convened among the police officers. The police officers discussed what changes took place during this time. It was noted that the cases of applying to the police decreased. According to statistics, there are far fewer cases of domestic violence. Nevertheless, the following problem is arising. Because of the severity of the law (the arrest of suspects), the prisons became overcrowded and there were other violations that had not occurred before. The fact that the jails overcrowded is quite obvious. Because of the immediate arrest, many people were imprisoned. The theory that police officers applied in practice is effective. Nevertheless, some corrections one can make to improve it. For example, police officers can arrest criminals on the second request to the police. That is, after the first call,  one can send criminals to psychological training or correctional work. If such measures of punishment do not affect a person in any way, then police officers will arrest criminals, as the most severe degree of punishment. 

Unfortunately, the topic of domestic violence has become so widespread in recent years that it covers not only the territory of the United States but also other countries (Burke, 2012). For example, in Australia, the number of cases of domestic violence is not less than in America (James, 1994). Violence always occurs over the weak, so women and children are those who suffer from it. When people hear about ill-treatment, they imagine a cruel picture of how someone strikes another. Nevertheless, no one thinks about the fact that sometimes violence can be exposed indirectly (McGuire, 2004). Violence is experienced even by those who are simply witnesses. From this kind of violence, people suffer no less than direct. Psychological trauma stays for life (James, 1994). If someone was a witness to violence, a person's life changes. Someone becomes a cruel person over time, and bull someone in the future. And someone, on the contrary, spends entire life in the shadows, afraid to be offended. 

 

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It is difficult to determine exactly when cruelty appeared in families. For example, in November 1993, were more than 2,200 calls to the Welsh police with a statement of domestic violence (James, 1994). While in the same year in the US it was estimated that, on average, up to 10% of women are victims of domestic violence, and in Australia only 3% (James, 1994). These facts indicate that domestic violence began long ago. A low percentage of domestic violence in the US and Australia does not yet indicate that there was no violence in these countries. It rather confirms that people in these countries tolerated it and were afraid of declaring it. Domestic violence is terrible because its originators are native people. If violence occurs at work or for example at school, then the house is the place where a person can mentally rest and recover. If a person subjected to violence at home, then one is immediately exposed to two types of violence- physical and moral (Burke, 2012). Women and children, as defenseless representatives of society, cannot resist violence. Fear of asking for help to someone prevents the victims from being saved. Many victims of domestic violence are afraid of turning to the police because they do not believe that someone will help and that their offenders will be punished. If one remembers the situation in the city of Riverbend, then one can remember how after the theory of Professor Petrova, the victims stopped being afraid and began to call to the police believing that police will help victims.

Children, like women, are victims of domestic violence. In the United States, studies conducted and showed that child abuse does not only take place, but it also increases (James, 1994). The level of cruelty to children has increased 15-times (James, 1994). The most vulnerable to violence are babies. Babies can hear quarrels, screams or even hear blows, and it worries them. The child's healthy sleep disturbed, the child becomes restless. If the infant does not yet understand what is happening, then at the instinctive level he feels the anxiety that torments him. When the infant`s mother subjected to violence, the child feels it, and all the pain and anxiety of the infant`s mother also affects the baby. It is also noted that girls subjected to violence more often than boys. It has been scientifically proven that children who have been subjected to violence in school have difficulties with academic achievement. Very often they are absent-minded or have no desire to learn. Many of those children who abused at home become bullies at school and give all their pain to others. Such children try to treat with other children the way people did with them at home. Many scientists and psychologists believe that children who have been subjected to any kind of violence must necessarily undergo an examination with a therapist (McGuire, 2004). Such children need the help of a specialist since the moral pain of such children is not less than a physical one. 

 

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Once in Australia, a study was conducted in which 22 children took part (James, 1994). The aim of the study was to study the psychological state of children aged 6 to 11 years. The target audience was children who subjected to domestic violence, and vice versa, children who had never experienced violence. This study was not in vain, it showed that children who have been subjected to violence face serious behavior problems. Their skills were below average. More than 40% of children had a reading level below their age. The study also showed that children subjected to violence are more aggressive than others. Boys were 15% more aggressive than girls (James, 1994). This was the only gender difference found in the study. Another study examines the interaction between the amount of violence a child has seen and the type of behavior that men and women have shown. This study was conducted by Rosenberg and he found that with a low level of violence from the parents, the girls reacted passively, and the boys on the contrary (James, 1994). And when stronger aggressive moments of behavior were observed, then the girls became more aggressive, and the boys on the contrary. Rosenberg also puts forward the theory that when violence is more extreme, children try either to escape from conflict or avoid it. Because of the fear of parents, children are afraid of calling the police and trying to cope with violence alone. This is due to the fact, that children do not believe that one will help them.

The problem of domestic violence on the agenda is not the first year and this cannot but worry. According to the theory of Professor Petrova, a criminal should be arrested immediately after the first call (McGuire, 2004). However, over time, the police realized that they did not take into account one fact, the prisons became crowded because of a large number of criminals. This theory is effective but can be refined. As already mentioned in the first part of this document, one can start a system of two calls. The first call will be a warning for a criminal. A criminal will be detained and involved in public works if he does not improve, then after the second call, the police will take him to jail. This theory can be applied to violence against children. Children are more vulnerable than adults, so they need help more than adults. Regarding children, one can exclude a system of two calls and arrest criminals immediately after the first call. Nonetheless, prevention of child abuse should also be undertaken. For example, the National Strategy for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect launches many videos that warn adults against violence against children (James, 1994). 

 

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There are many foundations and organizations that support children who have been subjected to domestic violence. Also, one should not forget about the laws that can protect the citizens of their country (McGuire, 2004). In America, there are many organizations that support children of all ages and adults who have been abused. The topic of domestic violence has long been on the agenda, despite the fact that there are many prevention programs, videos, ads, articles and books about how violence affects people's lives. Attention should be paid to those people who witness violence because the harm they receive is no less than physical.

As practice has shown, Professor Petrova's theory is effective, and it helps to reduce violence. If applied to violence against children, the result will be the same. Such a theory one can present as an amendment to the law on the protection of citizens from violence (McGuire, 2004). However, at first one must present it to society. Citizens should know that such a law exists, and it will help them. To begin with, police officers could speak in the news and state the measures to be taken against domestic violence. One should also write about it in newspapers and the Internet, inform children in schools, lyceums. People need to learn about this method of protection as soon as possible so that in the future they can be protected and not be afraid of domestic violence. On the one hand, the theory of Professor Petrova is too radical, but considering that domestic violence has been rampant for years, the percentage of people exposed to it has been represented in the work, this theory is something that can put an end to domestic violence (McGuire, 2004). Everyone has the right to a peaceful and free life, life without violence and bullying. If a person feels protected in the country, at home, then this person truly happy.

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